English Colonial Unity During The 18th And Early 18th...

Jonathan Milovic Mr. Jones AP U.S. History 15 September 2016 English Colonial Unity During the 17th and early 18th centuries, many American colonists took it upon themselves to unify the English colonies. As Puritans and other settlers began to establish villages across the eastern coast of North America, they found that the only way for them to function properly was through peace and order. Unity was attained through agreements and constitutions laying down the first steps to self-government and democracy, and to a lesser extent a call to action between the colonists and the English crown. Written documents proved to be a major influence on the unification of the American colonies. Beginning as early as 1620, when the Separatist Pilgrims left the jurisdiction of the Church of England and escaped the â€Å"Dutchification† of their children in Holland to go to the New World, the establishment of self-government through the Mayflower Compact became present. It was heavily based off of the Magna Carta of 1215 which provided the foundation of the rule of law. Created and signed by the adult males onboard, the document stated that the Pilgrims would â€Å"combine [themselves] together into one civil body politic, for [their] better ordering and preservation† (Document 1). It went on to declare that they would abide by the newly formed laws and elect officers. This led to the creation of town meetings, places of direct democracy where men could work together with each other to create laws.Show MoreRelatedAp Euro Dutch Republic Dbq1220 Words   |  5 PagesDutch Republic DBQ In the 17th century, the Dutch Republic experienced a Golden Age and was able to maintain security, unity, and prosperity in its society and economy. The nation was considered a leading power, especially in trade and ideas, within Europe. However, it was not long before circumstances changed and the state face many problems establishing peace and agreement. By the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries, there had been a significant change in the Dutch Republic’sRead MoreA Nation Is A Social Concept With No Uncontroversial Definition1734 Words   |  7 Pagesthem - including language, traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity. A nation, by comparison, is more impersonal, abstract, and overtly political than an ethnic group. It is a cultural-political community that has become conscious of its autonomy, unity, and particular interests. According to Ford s National Question: a nation is not a racial or tribal, but a historically constituted community of people; a nation is not a casual or ephemeral conglomeration, but a stable community of people; aRead MoreIssues Of Early American Settlement Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesIn the early settlement of America, disease and forced labor played a significant role. In the Spanish colonies from Florida and Southward, smallpox took an enormous toll on the conquerors and the native peoples. The so-called â€Å"black legend† regarding the Spanish and Portuguese was actually somewhat true, but also somewhat misleading. The concept held that â€Å"the conquerors merely butchered or tortured the Indians (‘killing for Christ’), stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left littleRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pages Eighteen century was a time period when slavery took deep roots in the New World. Slavery institution deeply affected and shaped the United States in the way we know it now. It affected all aspects of an American society: politically, economically and socially. Slaves were the ones who worked on large plantations, harvesting the crops, taking care of houses, fighting for an American independence, and gave the white people a leisure time to improve their knowledge and exercise political powerRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press1633 Words   |  7 Pagesprinting press between 1446 and 1450 (Dittmar 1133). The technology spread throughout Europe and eventually made its way into the Americas (Dittmar 1133). The invention of the printing press revolutionized the literature, education, and governments, and colonial America (Dittmar 1133). It has increased production efficiency and lowered the price of books between the years1450 and 1500 (Dittmar 1133). Historian Jeremiah E. D ittmar discovered that printing better-benefited port cities like Boston (DittmarRead MoreHistorical Context And Background Of Mark Twain Essay2286 Words   |  10 Pages Historical Context and Background: Before coming towards the colonial rule and how the British took control over India resulting to what was so good or so bad about it, it is very important to know about the history of this ancient civilization of the world. â€Å"The country of hundred nations and a hundred tongues, of a thousand religions and two million gods, cradle of the human race, birthplace of human speech, mother of history, grandmother of legend, great-grandmother of traditions, one sole countryRead MoreThe British Involvement Of India Essay2258 Words   |  10 Pages Historical Context and Background British involvement on the Indian subcontinent began early in the 17th Century through the British East India Company and its business ventures and dealings. The early British Empire was composed of several self-governing colonies which had been settled in by British civilians, and colonial policy was one of â€Å"salutary neglect† (Brown 2010). It is not unfair to say that Britain’s relationship with India was one of political subordination, but economic exploitationRead More Latin America Essay2834 Words   |  12 Pagesbeginning in the 15th century, the 19th-century wars of independence, and developments to the end of World War II.Latin America is generally understood to consist of the entire continent of South America in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the islands of the Caribbean whose inhabitants speak a Romance language. The peoples of this large area shared the experience of conquest and colonization by the Spaniards and Portuguese from the late 15th t hrough the 18th centuries as well as movementsRead MoreFamily as the Cornerstone of American Society6564 Words   |  27 PagesThe family as the cornerstone of American society between the 17th and 19th century The family has always been the cornerstone of American society. Our families nature, preserve and pass onto each succeeding generation the values we share and cherish, values that are foundation for our freedoms. In the family, we learn our first lessons of God and man, love and discipline, rights, and responsibilities, human dignity and human frailty. Our families give us daily examples of these lessons beingRead MoreOrigin of Hindu Religion2457 Words   |  10 Pagesriver Indus, and into Greek as Indos, whence ultimately English India.[4] By the 13th century, the Persian loanword HindustÄ n emerged as a popular alternative name of India amongst Muslims and the Urdu speaking people, meaning the land of Hindus.[5] Originally, Hindu was a secular term which was used to describe all inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent irrespective of their religious affiliation. It occurs sporadically in some 16th-18th century Bengali Gaudiya Vaishnava texts, including Chaitanya

The American Dream - 1908 Words

Dan Rather, a journalist and news anchor for the CBS Evening News states that â€Å"[a] college degree is the key to realizing the American dream, well worth the financial sacrifice because it is supposed to open the door to a world of opportunity.† There are many different paths to the American Dream. Two paths that people can use to reach the American dream are to go straight to a university after high school or transferring to a university after two years at a community college. The main differences in going to a university and transferring to a university from a community college to reach the American dream are campus life, cost, and graduation/transfer rates. At a university the campus life is very lively and engaging. Students attending†¦show more content†¦Even though there are many different extracurricular activities not many people get involved. There are many different reasons as to why people at a community college do not go the extra mile to get involved. Pannoni shares that one reason students do not get involved because â€Å"many students work and don t have much time to be involved in anything other than getting a degree or taking classes†¦ [and] many students who weren t on campus when events were happening didn t want to make a special trip just to attend.† (Pannoni 5). The main reason students did not want to make a trip to campus to attend an event is because a lot of students who attend a community college commute. The difference in experience reflects on the cost of universities and colleges. The costs vary drastically between universities and community colleges. It is no secret that universities’ cost is way more expensive than community colleges. In California, there are three different types of post-secondary schools. The three types of schools are public universities (CSUs and UCs) , private universities, and community colleges. Each type of school has a different price. The first type of public univ ersities in California is the California State University system. At California State University, LongShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

Board Members Travel Policy for Magna International- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBoard Members Travel Policy for Magna International. Answer: This travel policy clarifies the established guidelines and procedures fortravelers who incur business travels and the allowable expenses on behalf of the company. Thispolicy concerns an international business tour of seven board of directors to the United States in 24 days. The reservations of the trip will be made through the Travel and Transport by the Magna International travel agent who is responsible for travel bookings at the company. Board members ought to comply with this travel policy if in any case reimbursement has to be done. Magna International project managers and supervisors have the responsibility of approving this policy and have the obligation of authorizing the travel and reviewing the expense invoices for compliance. Generic policies and guidelines for submission Every traveling individual is expected to fill the travel policy within 30 of the conclusion of the travel and submit it to the accounting department. The accounting department is responsible for approving the travel expenses for the travelers. Receipts are needed for all costs for the site visitors. While travelers ought to travel in economy class service unless otherwise, they are free to redeem their frequent flyer miles to upgrade to first class at their convenience(Kragita, 2016). However, it is illegal to travel on a flight that has a higher fare in the zeal to receive more frequent flyer. Every traveler will be entitled to a daily expenditure of $200 which is inclusive of breakfast, lunch, dinner. Food and beverage policy Snacks and beverages will not be reimbursed. Board members will be reimbursed for personal meals according to the actual cost of the meals. Air travel policies All air travels must lie under the economy class of service unless stated otherwise by the transport and travel manager. The board members are required to use the most economical and lowest logical air force available(Kauppi, 2015).Travelers will only be required to use the Business class only when the Economy class is completely sold out and in cases where there are no alternative flights that are available. Long haul flights are encouraged. Board members will be required to use the lowest nonstop airfares that are available at the time of flight unless advised otherwise by the travel and Transport counselor. Timely booking is encouraged to allow time for ticket billing into the accounts. Hotel policies Unless stated otherwise, a standard non-smoking room is automatically reserved for the travelers. The board members are advised to use negotiated or preferred rates whenever possible. For reasonable and actual hotel room costs, board members will be reimbursed. Depending on services required and received, hotel tips are reimbursable, however, confined to reasonable limits. Car rental policies Board members should opt for renting cars when driving is more cost and time effective as opposed to airline travel. The board members should rent vehicles in the category compact, midsize/intermediates. Before picking any rental car, the board members should inspect it and report any damage before accepting it. Board members should not accept a car until they prove that there are no damages and that the vehicle is in good working condition (Mazuu, 2016) and(Gustafson, 2014). They should also check whether the rental car agent has last-minute specials, promotional rates or free upgrades. Board members should give much priority to cars from agents who have offers or free updates. Other policy: Use of hotel telephone Board members will get a reimbursement of any Magna International related calls madefrom their hotel accommodation. Board members must avoid making calls that will have an added surcharge. Board members should find out both the local and the long distance rates. Information regarding added taxes to phone calls can be found in the hotel information that is usually located in the room(Richardson, 2015). To prevent additional charges on telephone calls, board members should, Use 1-700 for business calls where possible Use phone from local company offices where possible Use a cell phone, calling card or public phone where possible Distribution statement The accounting department has the responsibility of ensuring that the policies available to all the travelers, newly acquired employees, travel arrangers; account payable staff, andany other relevant persons. Travel arrangers will hold meetings with travelers before the actual traveling to ensure that the travelers are equipped with adequate knowledge on the use of the policy(Houston, 2016). Contact details will be given for further inquiries to enable the travelers to have enough understanding of the policy. Travelers must attend the planned training services to ensure that they are conversant with the travel policy. Not attending training meetings will be considered a breach of this policy. References Gustafson, P. (2014). Business travel from the travellers perspective. Stress, stimulation and normalization. Mobilities , 67 (4), 57-67. Houston, D. (2016). Fare's fair? Concessionary travel policy and social justice. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice , 34 (17), 54-60. Kauppi, K. (2015). Ensuring corporate travel compliance e Control vs. commitment strategies. Corporate Policy , 6 (34), 45-50. Kragita, S. (2016). Evaluating Business People on matrix. The Preference Experiment for Intercity Long Distance Coach Travel , 50 (7), 56-70. Mazuu, S. (2016). Getting Business People on the Coach. A Stated Preference Experiment for Intercity Long Distance Coach Travel , 45 (3), 47-55. Richardson, E. (2015). Zika Travel Policies May Reduce Women's Leadership in Global Health. Global Health: Science and Practice , 7 (45), 34-40.

life after death Essays (346 words) - Common Law, Inheritance

Last Will and Testament Of chris st john I, Joan T. Siegel, a resident of Holiday, Florida, do make, ordain, publish, and declare this to be my Last Will and Testament, hereby revoking all Wills and Codicils heretofore made by me. Article I. I authorize my Personal Representative, to pay, from the residue of my estate, all of my debts as allowed in the administration of my estate, the expenses of my last illness and the cremation of my body, and all the expenses of the administration of my estate and without contribution or reimbursement from any person, all inheritance, legacy, or estate taxes. Article II. I give and devise the following specific devises to the following devisees listed as follows: 1. I hereby give all my entire estate, be it real, personal, any accounts of whatever nature including but not limited to vehicles, property, 401k, checking, savings, life insurance, which I may aquire or become entitled to after the execution of this Will, be given to Tammy Lee Schrader, at 38055 Palm Grove Dr., Zephyrhills, Florida 33542. Article III. I hereby acknowledge that I have a son, to-wit: Landon Nikolas Cody, but do not desire that he or his lineal descendants, or any family member take anything by operation of this my Last Will and Testament for reasons known personally to me. I would further instruct my Personal Representative to bar any family members presence in my home or at my funeral upon my death. Article IV. I nominate and appoint my Life Partner, Tammy Lee Schrader, as my Personal Representative of this, my Last Will and Testament, and I direct that she shall not be required to give any bond or security for the proper discharge of her duties. I give and grant to said Personal Representative full power and lawful authority to sell or dispose of all or part of my estate as she may deem expedient, without order or court. page 1 of 2 Last Will and Testament IN WITNESS WHEREOF, we have hereunto subscribed our names and affixed our seals this _____ day of August, 2010. WITNESSES:

Occupational Therapy Essays - Computer Keyboards, Keyboard Layout

Occupational Therapy We are a group of occupational therapists and a new client has come to our office with the following case history: Don is a 63 year-old amateur poet. He has several of his poems published in the local newspaper but has not yet been accepted by any literary journals. Three months ago, Don had a cerebellar cerebrovascular accident that has given him significant fine motor control limitations. He is not able to hold a pencil or a pen, and when one is taped in his hand, he can not produce recognizable printing. He is able to reach a range of nearly 5 feet from side to side but cannot pick up a 1-inch cube from the table. When asked to use a keyboard, he is as likely to strike two keys away from the target as the key he is aiming for. He is able to put his finger reliably into a square that is 2 inches on a side wherever it is located within his reach. He is not able to accurately place his finger into a square that is 1.5 inches on a side, however, unless it is located directly in front of him (Anson, 1997, p. 104). Don is frustrated by his condition and needs some assistance to continue his writing. We used the decision tree to evaluate which computer adaptation would be best for Don. We determined that Don has physical limitations to the computer but has full range of the keyboard. Due to his trouble targeting specific keys, it would be increasingly difficult to simultaneously press more than one key at once. The client has frequent accidental keystrokes because of the size of the small keys. His inability to strike a single key on demand led us to expanded range of motion. Having assessed that Don could strike larger keys accurately; we reached the alternative of expanded keyboards. Upon researching expanded keyboards, we found a great variety in what each keyboard offered. The 32 key layout with 2.5- inch keys did not provide an adequate selection for Dons writing needs. Most of the standard expanded keyboards with 128 keys only have 1.5-inch keys. Some examples are Key Largo and Unicorn Expanded keyboards. Key Largo is an expanded keyboard, which works through Discover KENX. It is useful for one with coordination problems. Unicorn Expanded keyboard established the standard 128 key expanded keyboard design. We had the opportunity (in A.T. lab) to try and compare the different expanded keyboards. We appreciated that a client with difficulty reaching small keys would find these keyboards more beneficial. All keyboards require an encoder, which interprets the key. When pressed it converts it to a keyboard code, that the computer could understand. Some computers come with a built in encoder and some without. These keyboards with encoders can be connected directly to the keyboard port of the computer. Therefore no internal adaptation is needed for the computer and it doesnt interfere with any software in the computer. This is beneficial because it can be used with any operating system and software the client may need. A disadvantage to this is that the keyboard codes are not readily adaptable. This means that the keyboard layout is fixed and cant be changed by the clinician. Another consideration is that this keyboard can not be connected simultaneously with the standard keyboard. Since plugging and unplugging the keyboard is not recommended, this option is better suited for a client who would be the sole user of the computer. Expanded keyboards that do not have the built in encoder, require an external device that would interpret the codes to the computer. Although this keyboard has the disadvantage of an external device, it offers flexibility in the keyboard layout and allows for various overlays that change the layout. An example of the latter is the Key Largo keyboard mentioned above. The problem with 1.5-inch keys is the clients inability to accurately reach a key of that size unless the keyboard is positioned right in front of him. An option would be to position the client in front of the computer with the keyboard mounted close enough for him to access. Although this alternative was a possibility we preferred to find

Translating By Into Spanish

Translating By Into Spanish By is one of the English prepositions that is most confusing for Spanish students, because it can have many meanings. Before you try translating a sentence using by, you need to ask yourself, what does this word mean? In many cases, if you can reword the sentence to express the same thought or relationship in different words, you are well on your way to figuring out what you want to say in Spanish. Here are some of the most common meanings of by with examples of how the same thing can be said in Spanish. To Indicate the Agent or Cause Usually, you can say that something was created or put in its present condition by someone or something using the preposition por. If the word or phrase (known as an object) following by answers the question who or what did it? then por is your likely choice. Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. Hamlet fue escrito por Shakespeare.The area affected by the sound is very large. La zona afectado por el sonido es muy grande.Ozone is a gas formed by the action of sunlight. El ozono es un gas que se forma por la accià ³n de la luz solar. As in the first example above, por is often used to indicate authorship. Thus, a book cover will usually indicate that the contents were written por the author. However, in sentences in English that can be reworded to use the name of an author as a description, the preposition de is usually used in translation: Volver is a film by Almodovar. (Volver is an Almodovar film.) Volver es una pelà ­cula de Almodà ³var.Where I can I buy books by Mark Twain in Spanish? (Where I can I buy Mark Twain books in Spanish?)  ¿Dà ³nde puedo comprar libros de Mark Twain en espaà ±ol? Means of Transportation Usually en or por can be used more or less interchangeably when indicating how someone or something travels, although en is more common. We are traveling by plane from New York to London. Viajamos en avià ³n desde Nueva York a Londres. Viajamos por avià ³n desde Nueva York a Londres.Traveling by car through Norway is easy and pleasant. Viajar en coche por Noruega es sencillo y agradable. In Time Elements When by means not later than, para can be used: I will be ready by 4.  Estarà © lista para las cuatro. Indicating Proximity When by means near or next to, cerca de or junta a can be used: There is a large park by the library. Hay un gran parque junto a la biblioteca.All the hotels are located by the beach. Todos los hoteles se encuentran ubicados cerca de la playa. Untranslated By With the Spanish Present Participle Spanish often uses present participles (the verb form ending in s: A fake doctor got rich by diagnosing nonexistent cancers. Un falso doctor se hizo rico diagnosticando cnceres inexistentes.By studying weekends, Susana will pass the test. Estudiando los fines de semana, Susana aprobar el examen. Note that in these examples, the English by could be omitted with little or no change in meaning. In Arithmetic To divide by is dividir entre, while to multiply by is multiplicar por. When dimensions are given, por is used: tres metros por seis, three by six meters. Meaning Per Where by is the rough equivalent of per, use por: Compramos los huevo por docenas.  We buy eggs by the dozen (per dozen). Idiomatic phrases Numerous idiomatic phrases using by often cant be translated word for word. The concept may be expressed in some other way in Spanish other than directly translating by. Some examples: I want to do it by myself. Quiero hacerlo sin ayuda. (The phrase is translated as the Spanish equivalent of without help.)You could follow our trip almost day by day thanks to Davids blog. Pudisteis seguir nuestro viaje casi dà ­a a dà ­a gracias al blog de David.We want to eat by candlelight. Queremos comer a las luz de las velas.Pablo introduced all the teachers to us one by one. Pablo nos presentà ³ uno a uno todos los profesores.What do you mean by difficult?  ¿Quà © quieres decir con dificil?

The Signalling theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Signalling theory - Essay Example Similarly, human interactions rely on signals most of the time. The signals enable people to identify some hidden qualities of the other person. The theory focuses on providing comprehension of the varied signals as well as noting, which are dependable. For example, in making decisions, employers and managers rely on the information they obtain from the signals they receive. For instance, in making decisions about capital structures and payout policies, a manager would rely on the existing arrangement and try to evaluate its effectiveness before deciding on the next step (Chang & Hong 2000). Signals according to the theory can be categorized into assessment and conventional signals. The assessment signals denote the signals that are reliable; that is, they are signals that tend to restrict individuals who do not pose the quality required by the signal from using it. For example, if a manager perceives the organization to be overvalued, he or she should not signal the stakeholders tha t the organization holds a better opportunity in the future to increase profits by increasing their payouts. This is because implementing the signal will lead to embarrassment of the manager as well as create distrust. The conventional signals on the other hand denote unreliable indicators. In most cases, the signals are external and can result in heavy consequences. For example, if a manager makes a decision based on the consumer behaviour; for instance, seeing that the consumers are making high purchases of a product, the manager decides to produce these in high quantities perceiving that the profits for the organization will increase. This can be a false signal, especially when the consumer is presented with another alternative for the same product. The manager will lose face before the investors and can even be dismissed from office. Therefore, it is imperative to first identify the aspects affecting the capital structure and payout policies of the organization before signalling the respective parties or making any major decisions (Notes on Signalling 2005). Cost appears to be major factor in the signalling theory. This is because prior to making any decisions, managers need to consider the expense. At times, some signals may be deceiving and may later affect the decisions made adversely in a negative way. For example, the target earnings of the business may seem promising in the next quarter of the business thereby making the manager decide on a high pay out percentage. This signal could be truthful or deceiving and will eventually impact on the decision made for pay outs. On the other hand, deceptive signals can be used to benefit the creator of the signal. For instance, a manager can signal stakeholders and potential investors that the organization is well off to making more profits by increasing the payout ratio for their dividends. This would make them invest more in the organization and thus, enable the manager to expand the business and increase pro fits (Pacheco & Raposo 2007). Managers face the basic responsibility of deciding on the amount to debt to be employed on the capital structure as well as determine the dividend percentages to be paid out (Barclay et al. 1992). Different theories have been established to identify the aspects that are relevant in identifying capital structures and payout policies. Among these is the signalling theory. Aside from cost, taxes have also been noted to be a vital aspect that affects the capital struc